2018/07/15

Case Study of Migration to Java SE 11

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It is almost two months to release Java SE 11. Java SE 11 is the first release of LTS. Terefore, I assume many developers think to skip Java 9 or 10, and use Java 11.

However, it is hard to migrate to Java SE 11. The main reason is Jigsaw. Module system was introduced into Java SE. In addition, some features such as JAXB will remove from Java SE because of module system.

So, I'll show a case to migrate to Java SE 11 using simple sample application.

Sample of Jersey + Grizzly

Jersey is, you may know, RI of JAX-RS. I picked up a sample that was described in Jersey Getting Started document.

You don't need to write a code, just call Maven command.

mvn archetype:generate -DarchetypeArtifactId=jersey-quickstart-grizzly2 \
-DarchetypeGroupId=org.glassfish.jersey.archetypes -DinteractiveMode=false \
-DgroupId=com.example -DartifactId=simple-service -Dpackage=com.example \
-DarchetypeVersion=2.27

Then, Maven creates a new project from Jersey archetype.

This Jersey project includes Grizzly.

Let's check the sample application code. There are two classes in the project: one is a resouce class, other is main class.

Here is the resource class:

package com.example;

import javax.ws.rs.GET;
import javax.ws.rs.Path;
import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;

/**
 * Root resource (exposed at "myresource" path)
 */
@Path("myresource")
public class MyResource {

    /**
     * Method handling HTTP GET requests. The returned object will be sent
     * to the client as "text/plain" media type.
     *
     * @return String that will be returned as a text/plain response.
     */
    @GET
    @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)
    public String getIt() {
        return "Got it!";
    }
}

Main class is shown below.

package com.example;

import org.glassfish.grizzly.http.server.HttpServer;
import org.glassfish.jersey.grizzly2.httpserver.GrizzlyHttpServerFactory;
import org.glassfish.jersey.server.ResourceConfig;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;

/**
 * Main class.
 *
 */
public class Main {
    // Base URI the Grizzly HTTP server will listen on
    public static final String BASE_URI = "http://localhost:8080/myapp/";

    /**
     * Starts Grizzly HTTP server exposing JAX-RS resources defined in this application.
     * @return Grizzly HTTP server.
     */
    public static HttpServer startServer() {
        // create a resource config that scans for JAX-RS resources and providers
        // in com.example package
        final ResourceConfig rc = new ResourceConfig().packages("com.example");

        // create and start a new instance of grizzly http server
        // exposing the Jersey application at BASE_URI
        return GrizzlyHttpServerFactory.createHttpServer(URI.create(BASE_URI), rc);
    }

    /**
     * Main method.
     * @param args
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        final HttpServer server = startServer();
        System.out.println(String.format("Jersey app started with WADL available at "
                + "%sapplication.wadl\nHit enter to stop it...", BASE_URI));
        System.in.read();
        server.stop();
    }
}

You can see the sample is very simple.

After checking the sample, I compile the sample source code.

C:\jersey-sample\simple-service>mvn compile
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ---------------------< com.example:simple-service >---------------------
[INFO] Building simple-service 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ simple-service ---
[INFO] Using 'UTF-8' encoding to copy filtered resources.
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\jersey-sample\simple-service\src\main\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ simple-service ---
[INFO] Compiling 2 source files to C:\jersey-sample\simple-service\target\classes
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 1.721 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-07-04T19:15:21+09:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
C:\jersey-sample\simple-service>

Compile is done well. After that, execute!

C:\jersey-sample\simple-service>mvn exec:java
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO] 
[INFO] ---------------------< com.example:simple-service >---------------------
[INFO] Building simple-service 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO] 
[INFO] >>> exec-maven-plugin:1.2.1:java (default-cli) > validate @ simple-service >>>
[INFO] 
[INFO] <<< exec-maven-plugin:1.2.1:java (default-cli) < validate @ simple-service <<<
[INFO] 
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- exec-maven-plugin:1.2.1:java (default-cli) @ simple-service ---
Jul 04, 2018 7:29:51 PM org.glassfish.jersey.internal.Errors logErrors
WARNING: The following warnings have been detected: WARNING: HK2 service reification failed for [org.glassfish.jersey.message.internal.DataSourceProvider] with an exception:
MultiException stack 1 of 2
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javax/activation/DataSource
 at java.base/java.lang.Class.getDeclaredConstructors0(Native Method)
 at java.base/java.lang.Class.privateGetDeclaredConstructors(Class.java:3114)
  <<snip, snip>>

NoClassDefFoundError was occurred.

If you use Java SE 8 or older, you can execute the sample rightly. The reason that Java SE 11 can't execute the sample is lack of modules about Java EE (Jakarta EE).

The removed modules are below:

  • JAX-WS
  • JAXB
  • JavaBean Activation Framework (JAF)
  • Common Annotations
  • Java Transaction API (JTA)
  • CORBA

Above execution log shows javax.activation.DataSource class was not found. DataSource class is included in JAF API.

In addition, classes included in JAXB were not found.

But, the sample don't use both JAF and JAXB. Actually, Jersey and Grizzly use JAF and JAXB.

That's why compile is OK but execution fails.

Although you don't use JAXB or other Java EE features directly, many libraries uses these features. That is pitfall of migration to Java 11.

Solution

It is not so hard to migrate the sample to Java SE 11, because the sample is not modular application.

We should only add lacked libraries to CLASSPATH.

In this case, modify pom.xml for appeding dependecies of JAXB and JAF.

Updated pom.xml is shown in below. Red means updated.

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">

    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>simple-service</artifactId>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>simple-service</name>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey</groupId>
                <artifactId>jersey-bom</artifactId>
                <version>${jersey.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.containers</groupId>
            <artifactId>jersey-container-grizzly2-http</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.inject</groupId>
            <artifactId>jersey-hk2</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.xml.bind</groupId>
            <artifactId>jaxb-api</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.0</version>
        </dependency>      
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.sun.xml.bind</groupId>
            <artifactId>jaxb-impl</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.0.1</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.sun.xml.bind</groupId>
            <artifactId>jaxb-core</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.0.1</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.activation</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.activation-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- uncomment this to get JSON support:
         <dependency>
            <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
            <artifactId>jersey-media-json-binding</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.9</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.7.0</version>
                <inherited>true</inherited>
                <configuration>
                    <source>11</source>
                    <target>11</target>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>1.6.0</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>java</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.example.Main</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

    <properties>
        <jersey.version>2.27</jersey.version>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    </properties>
</project>

Changes in <plugin> elements are to update plugin version to the latest.

Changes in <dependencies> are important in this case. I added 3 libraries in <dependencies>.

  • jaxb-api
  • jaxb-impl
  • jaxb-core
  • javax.activation-api

JAXB consists of 2 libraries: one is interface definition (jaxb-api) and other is implementation (jaxb-impl and jaxb-core). javax.activation-api is JAF.

Then, clean, compile again, and execute.

C:\jersey-sample\simple-service>mvn exec:java
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ---------------------< com.example:simple-service >---------------------
[INFO] Building simple-service 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- exec-maven-plugin:1.6.0:java (default-cli) @ simple-service ---
Jul 04, 2018 20:24:38 PM org.glassfish.grizzly.http.server.NetworkListener start
INFO: Started listener bound to [localhost:8080]
Jul 04, 2018 20:24:38 PM org.glassfish.grizzly.http.server.HttpServer start
INFO: [HttpServer] Started.
Jersey app started with WADL available at http://localhost:8080/myapp/application.wadl
Hit enter to stop it...

After Jersey starts, access http://localhost:8080/myapp/myresource by browser or curl. You can see "Got it!".

 

Conclusion

  • Java 11 removes JAXB, JAF, JAX-WS and other Java EE modules actually
  • If you don't use these modules directly, many libraries uses such modules.
  • If application is not modulear application, only add removed libraries to CLASSPATH
  • In case of Maven, add removed libraries in <dependencies> of pom.xml
投稿者 Yuichi Sakuraba 時刻: 21:26
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